It is also consistent with the existing literature and practices. The suggested categorization of immunization program costs into vaccine and immunization delivery costs differentiates the price of vaccines as commodities (vaccine price per dose) from the “price” of other health-systems–related components of immunization programs (delivery cost per dose), which is multiplied by the projected number of doses as the common quantity measure. Immunization delivery cost also includes other capital costs and recurrent costs ( Appendix 3 in Supplemental Materials found at ). Immunization delivery cost refers to nonvaccine costs to deliver immunization to target populations, including personnel costs such as salaries, per diem, and travel allowances that relate to labor function cold chain equipment and maintenance and overhead related to the storage function and vehicles, transport, and fuel costs related to transportation function. Vaccine cost includes the costs to procure vaccines, including costs of injection supplies and freight (shipment) per dose. Immunization program costs for routine immunization and SIA are divided into 2 components: vaccine cost and immunization delivery cost. The scope of the study consists of 10 vaccines-pentavalent (Penta), human papillomavirus (HPV), Japanese encephalitis (JE), measles (Measles), measles-rubella (MR), measles-mumps-rubella (MMR), meningococcal group A conjugate (MenA), pneumococcal conjugate (PCV), rotavirus (RV), and yellow fever (YF)-that are delivered through routine immunization or supplementary immunization activities (SIA) ( Appendix 2 in Supplemental Materials found at ). 9 Classification of the countries by WHO regions, 11 country income level, 10 and Gavi eligibility and country transition 8 is available in Appendix 1 (in Supplemental Materials found at ). 10 The average life expectancy at birth is 66.9 years, compared with 80.6 years for 36 OECD countries. 4, 8 These 94 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) represented 50.3% of the total world population in 2018, 9 and of these countries, 34 are classified as low income, 46 as lower-middle income, and 14 as upper-middle income countries. 7 The list of countries was based on the GVAP and Gavi’s country eligibility policy. The study focused on 94 low- and middle-income countries, including 73 countries supported by Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, an international organization that brings together public and private sectors to increase access to new and underused vaccines through market-shaping efforts and cost-sharing for vaccines. 6 Although this study follows the tradition of the previous costing exercises, it contributes further to the literature by updating the methodologies, leveraging newly available data sources, and varying assumptions that are relevant to future strategic priorities.

Looking ahead to the coming decade, we estimated the costs of immunization programs for 10 vaccines in 94 low- and middle-income countries from 2011 to 2030 to inform Immunization Agenda 2030, a new global vision and strategy based on the lessons learned from the past decade. 3 Portnoy et al (2015) estimated the resource needs for 94 countries to meet the GVAP goal at an aggregate level, 4 and the results from the study were used to estimate the global return on investment for 1 dollar invested in immunization programs against 10 pathogens.

2 Lydon et al (2014) explored further routine immunization delivery costs from 2011 to 2020. 1 Gandhi et al (2013), members of the Decade of Vaccine Costing and Funding Technical Working Group, provided costing and financing projections for the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP) (2011-2020) to describe investments needed to achieve the goals outlined in the collective roadmaps for enabling universal access to vaccines.

Wolfson et al (2018) presented the methods and results of the exercise undertaken by World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) for the Global Immunization Vision and Strategy (2006-2015), the first 10-year strategic framework. As the global community faces the next strategic period for vaccines and immunization programs, understanding the level of investment needed for the 2021 to 2030 decade is critical to mobilizing resources and developing effective strategies to increase access to vaccines around the world.Ĭosting exercises have been an important pillar of global immunization agenda setting.

Zip share price forecast 2030